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In Brazil, Pardo ((:ˈpaʁdu)) is a ethnic/skin color category used by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in Brazilian censuses. The term "''pardo''" is more commonly used to refer to Brazilians of mixed ethnic ancestries. The term ''Pardo'' is a rather complex one. Pardo Brazilians appear in hundreds of different shades, colours and backgrounds. They are typically a mixture of White Brazilian, Afro-Brazilian and Native Brazilian. The other categories are ''branco'' ("White"), ''preto'' ("Black"), ''amarelo'' ("yellow", meaning East Asians), and ''indígena'' ("indigene" or "indigenous person", meaning Amerindians). The term was and is still popular in Brazil. Pardo was also a ''casta'' classification used in Colonial Spanish America from the 16th to 18th centuries. The term ''pardo'' was used primarily in small areas of Spanish America whose economy was based on slavery during the Spanish colonization period. ==Definitions== (詳細はIBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), ''pardo'' is a broad classification that encompasses Multiracial Brazilians such as ''mulatos'' and ''cafuzos'', as well as assimilated Amerindians known as ''caboclos'', mixed with Europeans or not. The term "pardo" was first used in a Brazilian census in 1872. The following census, in 1890, replaced the word ''pardo'' by ''mestiço'' (that of mixed origins). The censuses of 1900 and 1920 did not ask about race, arguing that "the answers largely hid the truth".〔MAGNOLI, Demétrio. Uma Gota de Sangue, Editora Contexto 2008 (2008)〕 In Brazil the word "pardo" has had a general meaning, since the beginning of the colonization. In the famous letter by Pero Vaz de Caminha, for example, in which Brazil was first described by the Portuguese, the native Americans were called "pardo": "Pardo, naked, without clothing".〔http://www.culturabrasil.org/zip/carta.pdf〕 A reading of colonial testaments also shows it. Diogo de Vasconcelos, a widely known historian from Minas Gerais, mentions, for example, the story of Andresa de Castilhos. According to the information from the 18th century, Andresa de Castilhos was thus described: "I declare that Andresa de Castilhos, pardo woman ... has been freed ... is a descendant of the natives of the land ... I declare that Andresa de Castilhos is the daughter of a white man and a native woman".〔Diogo de Vasconcelos, History of Minas Gerais, volume 1, testament of the Colonel Salvador Furtado Fernandes de Mendonça, from about 1725)〕 The historian Maria Leônia Chaves de Resende also explains that the word pardo was employed to name people with native ancestry or even native Americans themselves: a Manoel, natural son of Ana carijó, was baptised as 'pardo'; in Campanha several native Americans were classified as 'pardo'; the natives João Ferreira, Joana Rodriges and Andreza Pedrosa, for example, were names 'freed pardo'; a Damaso called himself 'freed pardo' of the 'native of the land'; etc.〔Gentios Brasílicos: Índios Coloniais em Minas Gerais Setecentista. Tese de Doutorado em História, IFCH-Unicamp, 2003, 401p; http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/document/?code=vtls000295347〕 According to Maria Leônia Chaves de Resende, the growth of the pardo population in Brazil includes the descendants of natives and not only those of African descent: "the growth of the 'pardo' segment had not only to do with the descendants of africans, but also with the descendants of the natives, in particular the carijós and bastards, included in the condition of 'pardo'".〔 The American historian Muriel Nazzari specifically pointed out the "pardo" category absorbed those of Native American descent in São Paulo: "This paper seeks to demonstrate that, though many Indians and mestizos did migrate, those who remained in São Paulo came to be classified as pardos"〔https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/the_americas/v057/57.4nazzari.html〕 The question about race reappeared in the 1940 census. In this census, "pardo" was not given as an option, but if the answer was different from the options "white", "black" and "yellow", a horizontal line was drawn into the "colour" box. When the census data came to be tabulated, all responses with horizontal lines were collected into the single category of "pardo". The term "pardo" was not used as an option as an assurance to the public that census data would not be used for discriminatory purposes, as a result of rising European racism at the time. In the 1950 census, "pardo" was actually added as a choice of answer.〔 This trend remains, with the exception of the 1970 census, which also did not ask about race.〔 The 20th century saw a large growth of the ''pardo'' population.〔 In 1940, 21.2% of Brazilians were classified as ''pardos''. In 2000, they had increased to 38.5% of the population. This is only partially due to the continuous process of miscegenation in the Brazilian population. Races are molded in accordance with perceptions and ideologies prevalent in each historical moment. In the 20th century, a significant part of Brazilians who used to self-report to be Black in earlier censuses chose to move to the Pardo category. Also a significant part of the population that used to self-report to be White also moved to the Pardo category with the growing racial and social awareness, and Magnoli describes this phenomenon as the ''pardização'' ("pardoization") of Brazil.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pardo Brazilian」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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